A molecularly engineered fluorene-substituted Ru-complex for efficient mesoscopic dye-sensitized solar cells

Malapaka Chandrasekharam, Ganugula Rajkumar, Chikkam Srinivasa Rao, Thogiti Suresh, Paidi Yella Reddy, Jun-Ho Yum, Mahammad Khaja

Abstract

A new high molar extinction coefficient ruthenium(II) bipyridyl complex 'cis-Ru(L1)(2,2'-bipyridine-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid) (NCS)₂, BDF', where L1=4,4-bis(9,9-dibutyl-9H-fluorene-2-yl)-[2,2] bipyridine, has been synthesized and characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H-NMR) and electrospray ionization mass (ESI–MASS) spectroscopes. The dye, upon anchoring onto mesoporous nano-crystalline TiO₂ solar cells, exhibited a broader photocurrent action spectrum, with a solar-to-electric energy conversion efficiency (η) of 6.58% (J_SC=14.66 mA cm⁻², V_OC=640 mV, fill factor=0.71) under sunlight at air mass (AM) 1.5, larger than the reference Z907 sensitized solar cell fabricated under similar conditions, which exhibited an η-value of 4.65% (J_SC=11.52 mA cm⁻², V_OC=566 mV, fill factor=0.72). Absorption measurements and time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) calculations show that the increased conjugation length by introducing 9,9-dibutyl-9H-fluorene moiety relatively enhances the spectral response of the ancillary ligand and the corresponding BDF complex. The calculated dipole moments for BDF and Z907 are 17.71 and 16.34 Debye, respectively. The first three highest occupied molecular orbitals (HOMOs) of BDF have a t_2g character, as observed in Z907, while HOMO-4 and HOMO-5 have considerable sizable mixing from Ru-NCS with π-orbitals of L1